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Writing 10-96: College Reading and Composition (Spring 2025, Ocena)

Step 3 - Find Research & Information Sources

How & Where to SearchDecorative element: Icon of Albert Einstein drawn in outlines

Finding information requires a lot of skills that you may not be aware that you have or that you are developing. 

  • Use this page to learn strategies for HOW to find the most relevant information to meet your needs. 
  • Use the sub-pages to learn WHERE to search for research on your topic or question.
Keep in mind that sources are not fixed in time, but are parts of an ongoing scholarly conversation about a topic. For example, Albert Einstein started a conversation about relativity and quantum theory that is ongoing even today! Since Einstein's contributions, the discourse has grown and grown with new discoveries and new ideas in the field of Physics, its subfields, and other related fields. 

Index finger pointed rightReview the information in Step 4 to learn about evaluating what you find. Check out information in Step 5 about Citation Trails to learn how to discover additional citations to relevant works to help you answer your research question.

Boolean Logic (Video Tutorial)

Check out this brief video (4:54) from Yavapai Community College to learn about using AND, OR, and NOT in your database searches.

How to Search - Basic Skills

Searching is as easy as 1, 2, 3!

You can use these basic search techniques with almost any search interface -- from library catalogs, to search engines, to library databases!

Note: Your keywords should come directly from your research question. Go back to step 1 if needed, before you start searching.

1. AND OR, and NOT (Boolean Operators)

Boolean Operators are also sometimes called Logical Operators and they perform specific functions to your search. Not all databases require the use of AND and OR in capital letters, but we recommend that you use them in all caps as a habit. 

AND narrows your searchNoun Project icon of a Venn diagram showing overlap in the middle of two circles symbolizing where they appear together

Use AND in between different concepts to ensure these different concepts appear together in your search results. The Venn diagram to the right represents the idea of the search results occurring ONLY in the narrow place where the two concepts overlap. 

  • EXAMPLE:  Students AND Athletes. This search would include results about "student athletes"

OR broadens your searchNoun Project icon showing two overlapping circles completely colored in symbolizing all concepts are included

If you're not sure what is the best keyword to use, you can include multiple keywords connected with OR to search them all. OR means that at least one of these keywords will show up in your search. The graphic to the right implies that any of these concepts (or all of them) can be included in your search results. 

  • EXAMPLE: Undergraduates OR "College Students" OR "University Students". A search for these keywords would include results that have AT LEAST ONE of them.

NOTNoun project icon: An X overlaid on a circle suggesting exclusion of this concept

The NOT operator will exclude something from your search.

  • EXAMPLE: Bobcats NOT Tractors. This would exclude results about Bobcat tractor equipment from your search about felines.
  • EXAMPLE: California NOT "Baja California". This would exclude results that include information about the state of Baja California in Mexico.

Using AND, OR, and NOT in a Search

Depending on the database, you may have a single search box or you may have an advanced search screen with multiple boxes. You can use the logical operators AND, OR, and NOT in either situation. In a single box, you can use parentheses () to isolate your terms, but if you have multiple boxes, you do not need to use parentheses. 

Here is an example of a search in each scenario using either parentheses or individual boxes to isolate the similar concepts like cow, cattle, and livestock.

Single Search Box

Single search box in Academic Search Complete showing the search string: students AND athletes AND NCAA

Multiple Search Boxes (called the "Advanced Search" screen in most databases)

Advanced search box in Academic Search Complete showing the search string: students AND athletes AND (NCAA OR "college sports" OR "collegiate sports")

These searches using AND and OR regardless of whether you use a single box with () or multiple boxes, should produce the same results in this database. Follow this permalink to see search results in Academic Search Complete for: students AND athletes AND (NCAA OR "college sports" OR "collegiate sports").

2. Phrase SearchingNoun project icon: one set of end quotation marks

Put quotation marks around a known phrase to search for an exact match. Be careful to only use quotation marks around a known phrase so that you don't accidentally miss relevant results.

  • EXAMPLE: "National Collegiate Athletics Association". A search will return results that include this specific phrase.

3. Truncation / WildcardNoun project icon: asterisk

Use the wildcard symbol, an asterisk (*) to find variations of the same root word.

  • EXAMPLE: Venez* will find Venezuela, Venezuelan, Venezolana, Venezolano, etc.
  • EXAMPLE: Comput* will find Computer, Computers, Computation, Computational, etc.

Step 3 - Pause to Reflect

Pause to Reflect

Did you find the information you needed? Will it help you answer your research question? If not, it might be time to reach out to a Research Librarian for an appointment. Decorative element: Icon of a standing person in a pensive pose with a thought bubble above their head

As researchers, we should approach the evidence we find with an open mind. Research should broaden or inform our perspectives, and not confirm our own biases. If your research is just a collection of cherry-picked quotes, you may need to go back to the library catalog, UC Library Search, or the article databases to gather more information and other perspectives to consider.