Big Picture
APA style features in-text parenthetical citations, with a focus on author/date, and a corresponding Reference page.
In-Text Citations
- elements include author's last name, year of publication and page number(s)
- elements in are separated by commas - Example: (Arnold, 2015, p. 378)
- a direct quote requires a page number preceded by p. - Example: ... as the "individuals pronounced vocally and fearlessly" (Smith, 2016, p. 201)
- page numbers are still encouraged for summary and paraphrase though not necessary - Example: (Goriava & Woodland, 2017)
- author's name may be excluded if found in the introductory text - Example: Patel (2013) found that .... " " (p. 67)
- p. used for page; pp. used for multiple pages - Example: (Ramble, 2014, pp. 45-49)
- works by two authors use the ampersand in the parentheses - Example: (Goriava & Woodland, 2017)
In-Text Citations: The Basics (OWL Purdue)
In-Text Citations: Author/Authors (OWL Purdue)
When and How to Include Page Numbers in APA Style Citations (APA Blog)
Citing References in Text (Basics of APA Style Tutorial)
Reference List ...
- has the title of References, centered at top
- includes hanging indents after the first line for each entry
- is organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author
- gives initials to first names of authors
- italicizes book and journal titles
- capitalizes the first word and the first word after a semi-colon of a journal article title
- capitalizes all major words in journal titles
- common elements & order of citation elements:
Reference List: Basic Rules (OWL Purdue)
Reference List: Author/Authors (OWL Purdue)
