Writing 10 (Kennedy): Citing Sources

Big Picture

• MLA style features in-text parenthetical citations and a corresponding Works Cited page.  Some publishers may ask for endnotes/footnotes rather than parenthetical citations.

In-Text Citations

Use for quotes, paraphrases and summaries

• Basic format includes author's last name followed by page number(s) - Example: (Patel 245)
• Author name may be excluded if in the introductory text - Example: Patel found that …. “ “ (245).
• If referring to two authors of the same text, join last names with and. Example: (Jones and Rhett 119)
• If no author, use the first part of the citation found in the Works Cited - Example: (National Committee 37)
• If referring to more than one source in the same citation, separate with a semi-colon - Example: (Davidson 18-20; Simmons 302)

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics (Purdue OWL)

Work Cited List

• Order citations alphabetically (typically by author's last name)
• Include hanging indent after the first line
• Place quotation marks around sources in containers e.g. poem, short story, journal article etc.
• Italicize sources for stand-alone items e.g. novel, play, journal publication, book etc.
• Capitalize main words in a title
• Format author in citations as follows:
  • one author includes last name, first name. Example: Reddy, Anisha
  • two authors includes last name, first name and first name last name. Example:  Reddy, Anisha and Nate Conner. 
  • three authors includes last name, first name, et al. Example: Jones, Steve, et al.
• DOIs are preferred over URLs.  When using an URL, remove http:// or https://  Example:  doi:10.1002/tox.20155

MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format (Purdue, OWL)

RefWorks is an online tool that helps you manage, store, format and cite resources used in the research process.

Big Picture

APA style features in-text parenthetical citations, with a focus on author/date, and a corresponding Reference page.

In-Text Citations

• elements include author's last name, year of publication and page number(s)
• elements in are separated by commas - Example:  (Arnold, 2015, p. 378)
• a direct quote requires a page number preceded by p. - Example: ... as the "individuals pronounced vocally and fearlessly" (Smith, 2016, p. 201)
• page numbers are still encouraged for summary and paraphrase though not necessary - Example: (Goriava & Woodland, 2017)
• author's name may be excluded if found in the introductory text - Example: Patel (2013) found that .... " " (p. 67)
• p. used for page; pp. used for multiple pages - Example: (Ramble, 2014, pp. 45-49)
• works by two authors use the ampersand in the parentheses - Example: (Goriava & Woodland, 2017)

In-Text Citations: The Basics (OWL Purdue)
In-Text Citations: Author/Authors (OWL Purdue)
When and How to Include Page Numbers in APA Style Citations (APA Blog)
Citing References in Text (Basics of APA Style Tutorial)

Reference List ...

• has the title of References, centered at top
• includes hanging indents after the first line for each entry
• is organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author
• gives initials to first names of authors
• italicizes book and journal titles
• capitalizes the first word and the first word after a semi-colon of a journal article title
• capitalizes all major words in journal titles
• common elements & order of citation elements:

Reference List: Basic Rules (OWL Purdue)
Reference List: Author/Authors (OWL Purdue)

YouTube Video

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

Blog Post

Page from a Website

Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

Web Magazine Article

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

Magazine Article

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time, 20 Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.

Note: Citations should be double-spaced and have a hanging indent.

Note: hanging indents not included